In this the pontifices brought into Rome from the temple of Mars outside the Porta Capena a cylindrical stone called the lapis manalis rain-stone , while the matrons followed the procession with bare feet, as did also the magistrates, unaccompanied by their insignia.
In the same character he was appealed to by the country-folk, before sowing time and in the spring and autumn, when a sacrificial feast was offered to him. He and Juno were worshipped before the commencement of the harvest, even before any sacrifice to Ceres.
Throughout all Latium, the feast of the Vinalia q. He was honoured in all Italy, after Mars, as the decider of battles and giver of victory; this was specially the case at Rome, where, as early as the days of Romulus, shrines were founded to him as Stator "he who stays flight " and Feretrius to whom the spoils taken by a Roman general in the field from a hostile general were offered.
He watches over justice and truth, and is therefore the most ancient and most important god of oaths; he was specially called on by the fetiales q. Not only the law of nations, but also the law of hospitality, is under his special protection, and while he causes his blessing to fall on the whole country, he is also the god of good fortune and blessing to the family.
His gracious power does not confine itself to the present alone; by means of signs comprehensible to experts, he reveals the future see AUSPICIA and shows his approval or disapproval of a contemplated undertaking.
He was worshipped of old on the Alban Hill, by the Latin people, as their ancestral god, under the name of Iuppiter Latiaris or Latialis ; at the formation of the Latin league he was honoured as the god of the league by a sacrificial feast, which they all held in common; even after its dissolution the sacrifice was continued under the superintendence of the consuls.
The chief seat of his worship in Rome was the Capitol, where he was honoured as the ideal head of the State, as the Increaser and Preserver of Roman might and power, under the name of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus "Best and Greatest". It was there that his earthenware image was enthroned, with the thunderbolt in its right hand. It stood in the centre of the temple begun by Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the kings, and finished and dedicated in the first year of the Republic. In the pediment of the temple was the quadriga, the attribute of the god of thunder, while the chambers to the left and right were dedicated to Juno and to Minerva respectively.
Here the consuls, at their entry into office and their departure to war, made their solemn vows; hither came the triumphal procession of the victor, who was clad in the festal garb of the god, and who, before offering to Jupiter the customary thank-offering of white oxen, prayed to his image and placed in his lap the laurel-wreath of victory bound about the fasces.
Hither poured in, to adorn the temple and to fill its treasures, countless multitudes of costly votive offerings from the State, from generals and private citizens, and from foreign kings and nations.
When, after its existence for years, the ancient temple was destroyed by fire in B. The image of the god was a copy in gold and ivory of the Olympian Zeus q. The temple was burnt down again A. As was natural for the most exalted god of the Roman State, he had the most splendid festivals in his honour.
Amongst the greatest of these were the ludi Romani, the ludi magni, and the ludi plebeii. Under the Empire the Capitoline Jupiter was recognised as the loftiest representative of the Roman name and State, whose vicegerent on earth was the emperor. As his worship gradually spread over the whole empire, he finally became the representative of the pagan world in general. He was often identified with the native gods of the provinces, including the sun-god of Heliopolis and Doliche in Syria, who, from the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.
Antoninus built for the former the magnificent temple of Heliopolis, or Baalbec. He was similarly identified with various Celtic and German gods, especially those who were worshipped on Alpine mountain-tops as protectors of travellers.
RHEA Her attributes combine, with Hellenic conceptions, a great many features of Eastern, especially Phoenician, origin, which the Greeks must have grafted on to their native notions in very old times. This double nature appears immediately in the contradictory tales of her origin. To the oldest Greeks she was the daughter of Zeus and Dione and is sometimes called that name herself ; yet from a very early time she appears as Aphro-geneia , the "foamborn" see URANUS , as Anadyomene , "she who rises" out of the sea, and steps ashore on Cyprus, which had been colonized by Phoenicians time out of mind; even as back as Homer she is Kypris , the Cyprian.
The same transmarine and Eastern origin of her worship is evidenced by the legend of the isle of Cythera, on which she was supposed to have first landed out of a sea-shell. Again, the common conception of her as goddess of love limits her agency to the sphere of human life.
But she is, at the same time, a power of nature, living and working in the three elements of air, earth, and water. As goddess of the shifting gale and changeful sky, she is Aphrodite Urania , the "heavenly," and at many placesin Greece and Asia her temples crowned the heights and headlands; witness the citadels of Thebes and Corinth, and Mount Eryx in Sicily.
As goddess of storm and lightning, she was represented armed, as at Sparta and Cythera; and this perhaps explains why she was associated with Are Mars both in worship and in legend, and worshipped as a goddess of victory.
The moral conception of Aphrodite Urania as goddess of the higher and purer love, especially wedded love and fruitfulness, as opposed to mere sensual lust, was but slowly developed in the course of ages. As goddess of the sea and maritime traffic, especially of calm seas and prosperous voyages, she was widely worshipped by sailors and fishermen at ports and on seacoasts, often as the goddess of calm, while Poseidon was the god of disturbance Next, as regards the life of the earth , she is the goddess of gardens and groves, of Spring and its bounties, especially tender plants and flowers, as the rose and myrtle; hence, as the fruitful and bountiful, she was worshipped most of all at that season of the year in which her birth from the sea was celebrated at Paphos in Cyprus comp.
But to this, her time of joyful action, is opposed a season of sorrow, when her creations wither and die: a sentiment expressed in her inconsolable grief for her beloved ADONIS q. In the life of gods and men, she shows her power as the golden, sweetly smiling godess of beauty and love, which she knows to kindle or to keep away.
She outshines all the goddesses in grace and loveliness; in her girdle she wears united all the magic charms that can bewitch the wisest man and subdue the very gods. Her retinue consists of Eros Cupid , the Hours, the Graces, Peitho persuasion , Pothos and Himeros personifications of longing and yearning.
By uniting the generations in the bond of love, she becomes a goddess of marriage and family life, and the consequent kinship of the whole community. As such she had formerly been worshipped at Athens under the name of Pandemos - all the people's , as being a goddess of the whole country. By a regulation of Solon, the name acquired a very different sense, branding her as goddess of prostitution; then it was that the new and higher meaning was imported into the word Urania.
In later times, the worship of Aphrodite as the goddess of mere sensual love made rapid strides, and in particular districts assumed forms more and more immoral, in imitation of the services performed to love-goddesses in the East, especially at Corinth, where large bands of girls were consecrated as slaves to the service of the gods and the practice of prostitution. And later still, the worship of Astarte, the Syrian Aphrodite, performed by eunuchs, spread all over Greece.
In the Greek myths Aphrodite appears occasionally as the wife of Hephaestus. Her love adventures with Ares are notorious. From these sprang Eros and Anteros, Harmonia, the wife of Cadmus, and Deimos and Phobos fear and alarm , attendants on their father. By Anchises she was the mother of Eneas.
As mother of Harmonia, she was a guardian deity of Thebes. Among plants, the myrtle, the rose, and the apple were specially sacred to her as goddess of love; amongst animals, the ram, he-goat, bare, dove, sparrow, and other creatures of amorous nature the ram and dove being widely-current symbols of great antiquity ; as sea-goddess, the swan, mussels, and dolphin; as Urania, the tortoise.
In ancient art, in which Aphrodite is one of the favourite subjects, she is represented in a higher or lower aspect, according as the artist's aim was to exhibit Urania or the popular goddess of love.
In the earlier works of art she usually appears clothed but in later ones more or less undraped; either as rising from the sea or leaving the bath, or as in later times merely as an ideal of female beauty. In the course of time the divine element disappeared, and the presentation became more and more ordinary. Kronos himself doesn't make an appearance, but as Thalia approaches Mount Othrys on Dr.
Chase 's car, he strikes her car with lightning. After Atlas's failure to capture Ophiotaurus and let Artemis escape, Kronos decides not to free Atlas from the weight of the sky because he failed his duties, despite Atlas being his best fighter.
Kronos' sickle is first seen in Mount Saint Helens , when the telekhines re-forged it out of Backbiter. Percy describes it as the most terrifying weapon he's ever seen. Ethan Nakamura swears loyalty to the Titans, finally waking Kronos, who uses Luke's body as a host until he can fully come back from Tartarus. Percy tries to fight him, but is unable to harm him as Kronos' host bears the Curse of Achilles. Kronos slows down time and would have killed Percy, had Kronos not been momentarily distracted when Rachel Elizabeth Dare throws her blue hairbrush at him and it hits him in the eye, which momentarily confuses Kronos, who then answers in Luke's voice.
Nico di Angelo son of Hades creates a rock barrier between the two groups. These actions give Percy and his friends enough time to escape. Due to his palace being shattered on top of him, Kronos is unable to lead his forces into Camp Half-Blood, as he had initially planned and the Battle of the Labyrinth takes place without him.
Kronos, still using Luke's body as a host, is on the Princess Andromeda , where he manages to capture Percy and Charles Beckendorf as they try to blow up the ship. Percy fights him bravely, but Kronos easily gains the upper hand and wounds Percy with his sickle, almost killing him.
Kronos was the only one besides Percy and, as later revealed, Alabaster C. Torrington who survived the explosion on the Princess Andromeda. Kronos has his brother Krios defend Mount Othrys, his brother Oceanus attack Poseidon, and his brother Hyperion join his gathering forces in Manhattan.
His brother Koios later mentions to have fought in the war, but his role is unknown. Kronos used the storm giant Typhon as a distraction for the Olympians, which meant that only the demigods stood in the way of his plan of the destruction of Olympus, where he would destroy the the gods' thrones, causing Olympus to fade forever.
Before putting his plan into action, Kronos has the minor gods Morpheus and Hecate cast a huge sleeping spell, causing all of the mortals in Manhattan to fall asleep. He later slowed down the time of people coming to Manhattan so anyone couldn't enter the city until the war was over.
Kronos leads an offensive against Mount Olympus, which results in the bloodiest battle of the Second Titanomachy, but Kronos only could do it at night when he was strongest. Percy has another brief fight with Kronos and, since he now also bears the Curse of Achilles, is able to fight him on a nearly equal footing, though Kronos as a Titan is still stronger.
As Percy pushed back Kronos' forces, Kronos watches Percy from the other shoreline as the latter destroys the bridge. Kronos later sends Ethan and the Titan Prometheus to Percy for a peace meeting, where Prometheus asks the demigods to surrender, but Percy refuses. In response, Kronos sends a monster that can only be defeated by a child of Ares , the Lydian Drakon , on Percy's forces during the day while they are still recovering.
The monster , however, is defeated by Clarisse La Rue , who arrived after Silena Beauregard died trying. As Kronos makes his last march on Olympus, he has a brief encounter with his son Chiron, after which Kronos blasts him against a wall. When Kronos' army is attacked by Hades' forces, Hades challenges Kronos to a duel. However, Kronos prefers to hide behind an energy field and manages to get to the Empire State Building.
He takes the elevator up to Olympus and starts destroying the statues of the gods. Kronos and Percy battle for the last time in the Hall of the Gods , with neither gaining the upper hand. Then Ethan realizes that Kronos can only bring destruction and stabs him with his sword, which shatters and ends up hurting himself. Kronos opens up a hole, where the mortally wounded Ethan falls off Olympus, and resumes his battle with Percy. He finally manages to disarm Percy, but his host is distracted by Annabeth, who reminds Luke of the promise he made her and realizes who is the hero mentioned in the Great Prophecy.
Luke manages to regain control over his body and takes Annabeth's knife from Percy the cursed blade of the Great Prophecy and stabs himself in his Achilles heel, his armpit.
As a result, Kronos was spread to the wind , hopefully , spread so thin, that he could never take a form or be conscious again. After learning of Hera 's warning that a king rising on the winter solstice, Annabeth worriedly asks Chiron to tell her that it's not Kronos.
After a moment, Chiron confirms that the threat from Kronos is over, but he refuses to explain what the new threat is. While talking to an amnesiac Percy , Nico mentions Kronos' comeback.
However, since he was forced to adhere to the promise that he had formerly given Hades , Nico quickly corrects himself after almost calling the Titan King Kronos, and instead refers to him as by his Roman name, Saturn. Nico tells Percy the story of the Battle of Mount Othrys , and how Saturn had probably just faded back into the abyss of Tartarus again.
Nico is shown to be very cautious when telling the story, as if fearing the rapid return of Percy's memory. All throughout the book, Percy wonders if little Kronos particles are flying around, laughing at him as he walked in Tartarus. Koios tells Bob that bits and pieces of Kronos' essence remain, but nothing that could ever be put together again.
Koios suggests that there are some injuries that even Tartarus can't heal. One of the things that Percy accuses Carter Kane of being is a rogue demigod from Kronos' army. Annabeth briefly considers distracting Serapis by throwing her knife into his eye like how Rachel Elizabeth Dare once distracted Kronos, but Annabeth decides against it as she doesn't trust her aim. Kronos was the boldest and most ruthless of the siblings, even though he was the youngest. His siblings and children were afraid of his insufferably irascible temper.
He horribly punishes those who failed him and rarely gives second chances in times of crisis. Kronos is said to have inherited his mother's "cold and distant" smile, which would not waver while he watched demigods die or cities burn. While looking at him in the eye, it is impossible to tell whether he intends to tell a joke or to start a fight, making him completely unpredictable. Kronos has a cruel and insatiable lust for power and domination that surpassed that of any other Titan.
As shown in Percy Jackson's Greek Gods , he was the youngest Titan of all, which is why both of his parents initially ignored him. As a result, he would always strive to prove himself as superior to his elder siblings in any possible way, which inspired him to murder his father.
He relished being immortal and enjoyed speeding up the growth of mortals, sadistically watching them wither up and die before his eyes, something he never got bored of. Realizing that his children could potentially become too powerful for him to control, Kronos' cruelty and megalomania began to surface stronger than ever.
He resulted to savagery towards his children, all of whom he brutally swallowed except for Zeus , earning himself the infamous "King Cannibal" nickname. While Kronos was confident in his abilities to sway demigods to his side, he soon recognized which ones were too loyal or stubborn to change sides. Earlier in his reign as Titan King, Kronos was shown to have a more honorable side - he went through with his promise of releasing his Hekatonkheire and Elder Cyclops brethren though only initially and fairly rewarded the four brothers who helped him with control over the four corners of the world.
Though Kronos had initially relished all of the power and authority that he possessed, he would later become quite miserable about none of his Titan relatives ever visiting him and knew they secretly feared him. Kronos would finally fall deeply in love with Rhea, believing that marrying her would improve his personality.
Before finding out that his daughter Hestia wasn't a Titan, Kronos seemed willing to be a good father and not to resemble his own cruel father Ouranos. After swallowing 5 of his children, Kronos began looking "tired and apathetic". He has brutal golden eyes, black curly hair and a unnerving, long pointy beard. He is 9 feet tall, which is short for a Titan. However, he was very young at the time and would later grow as tall as his huge elder siblings. His voice is described as unspeakably old, cold, and powerful, like knives scraping against stone.
After swallowing five of his children as well as a huge boulder , Kronos became quite fat from excessive eating and drinking. He probably lost weight during the First Titanomachy. After his original body had been destroyed in the First Titanomachy, Kronos is forced to possess Luke Castellan , whose eyes turned golden as a result. When possessed by Kronos, Luke's face "seemed like a mask, unnatural and lit up from behind by some evil power.
The only beings known to surpass him are the Protogenoi, though he can fight them by using his sickle forged by Gaea. The Elder Olympians would be only able to match him in combat directly. Kronos inherited his cruelty and cold-blood from his parents. Ouranos wasn't the fatherly type and didn't care for his children at all.
He hated all his children, but especially those of his children that didn't look normal such as the Hekatonkhieres and Elder Cyclopes. He imprisoned Kronos' younger children in Tartarus, which caused Kronos' mother, Gaea , great grief and fury. Gaea gathered her remaining children, the Titans, requesting them to take it in order to get rid of Ouranos and free their brothers, the Elder Cyclopes and the Hekatonkheires.
The Titans were scared of their father, so they were reluctant to murder their father out of fear. However, Kronos wanted to show his bravery to his older siblings, showing that being the smallest didn't mean he couldn't do the job and being angry that both of his parents didn't pay much attention to him as he was the youngest. Kronos asked help from all his Titanic siblings to kill his father, but only his brothers Hyperion , Iapetus , Krios and Koios agreed to help him.
He threw Ouranos' remains into the sea as a gesture of disgrace to his brother Oceanus , who had refused to help take down their father. He became especially close with the siblings who helped and his nephew Atlas, who became his second-in-command for his skills. Though Kronos had initially relished all of the authority that he possessed, he would later become quite miserable about none of his Titan relatives ever visiting him and knew they secretly feared him.
Despite, all of his siblings and nephews started to visit again. Hyperion became his first man in Kronos and Rhea's wedding. His siblings and nephews helped him in the First Titan War with the exception of Oceanus again.
He had a decent relationship with them, but eventually decided to throw them back in to Tartarus after he got tired of their smell and noise. Before The Lightning Thief , Kronos contacted Luke in his dreams and gradually manipulated him to his cause, ordering him to steal the Master Bolt and the Helm of Darkness. Luke succeeded in stealing the Bolt and the Helm during a camp field trip to Olympus, but Luke was caught and defeated by Ares.
Kronos saved Luke by manipulating Ares through the demigod. Luke has Kronos' Sarcophagus in his room. In The Titan's Curse , Kronos let Luke hold the weight of the sky so Atlas could get free, though Luke survived by tricking a former ally. According to Kronos himself, he "had to pressure Luke in many ways" in order to convince him to bath in the River Styx. In The Battle of the Labyrinth , Ethan Nakamura swears loyalty to the Titan, resulted in the awakening of Kronos, who uses Luke's body as a host, and comes back from Tartarus fully.
In The Last Olympian, Kronos used Luke as a host to attempt to leads an offensive against Mount Olympus, which results in the bloodiest battle of the Second Titanomachy. However, when Kronos finally manages to disarm Percy, Luke is distracted by Annabeth, who reminds him of the promise he made her, which encourages Luke to finally realize that he was mislead by Kronos the entire time.
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