Why expertise collins and evans

Bruce D. Weinstein - - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 15 1 Rethinking Moral Expertise. Linguistic Competence and Expertise. Mark Addis - - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 12 2 Interactional Expertise and Embodiment. Tacit Knowledge: New Theories and Practices. Theresa Schilhab - - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 12 2 Added to PP index Total views 26 , of 2,, Recent downloads 6 months 1 , of 2,, How can I increase my downloads?

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History of Western Philosophy. Normative ethics. They then look at how some expertises are used to judge others, how laypeople judge between experts, and how credentials are used to evaluate them. Throughout, Collins and Evans ask an important question: how can the public make use of science and technology before there is consensus in the scientific community? This book has wide implications for public policy and for those who seek to understand science and benefit from it.

Philosophy of Science. Psychology: Social Psychology. Sociology: Theory and Sociology of Knowledge. In Rethinking Expertise , Collins and Evans map out the interwoven expertises of science, technology, public policy, and decision making, illuminating the reality of modern leadership and the new expertise.

Gary H. Rethinking Expertise will be required reading in the social sciences and philosophy. The authors create a novel taxonomy of types of expertise from which they derive normative recommendations concerning public debates about science. For all readers, this volume will be provocative; for some, it will also be revelatory. I highly recommend it. Michael E. The idea of tacit knowledge underpins the Periodic Table of Expertises but it is not quite the same idea as discussed by the earlier generation of philosophers.

The obvious example is natural language, whose form, maintenance, and evolution is a matter of society not the individual; the individual gains fluency in natural language by immersion in the language-speaking community. A number of important distinctions follow from the emphasis on the social location of knowledge. The distinctions are as follows:. Another problem is misunderstanding of the Turing Test, which is often rejected because it deals with language alone.

What computers can do: In retrospect, all critiques of AI that have the ambition of properly understanding the abilities of computers must be able to explain their successes as well as their failures. Hubert Dreyfus copes with the problem by positing scientific and mathematical knowledge as being context-free.

Computers, then, can handle mathematics and science because these are not subject to the problems of sensitivity to social context.

Given this we need another way of explaining the success of computers. For example, if arithmetic is essentially a social activity, how does my pocket calculator work? The publication list, then, cannot be used as an exhaustive bibliography or the basis for a history of the idea of tacit knowledge but as an indication of how to use the idea of tacit knowledge for a more detailed understanding of the full range of expertises.

Polimorphic and Mimeomorphic Actions To execute a polimorphic action successfully one must be able to draw on socially located tacit knowledge. For example, the action of greeting must take account of the social circumstances and the nuances of what it means to repeat a greeting on different occasions. Polimorphic actions are usually executed with different sets of behaviours on different occasions.

Mimeomorphic actions are always executed with the same behaviours so they can be mimicked by machines. Crucially, to the outsider, the action appears identical whether carried out with or without understanding. Social and Minimal Embodiment The social embodiment thesis holds that the language of a social group is partly a function of its collective bodily form.

To acquire a language, then, one requires only a minimal body — those parts of the body associated with language-speaking. Those that do not have those bodily components, such as the congenitally deaf, are much more disadvantaged when it comes to mastering the language. Somatic-limit and Collective Tacit Knowledge Some of the knowledge that humans possess has to be tacit knowledge purely because of the limitations of the human body.

For example, in spite of Polanyi using it as his central example, there is nothing especially tacit about riding a bicycle, if by riding we mean balancing as we ride along. The physics of bike-balancing is understood and there are machines that can ride bikes; the problem is that humans cannot do the calculations fast enough to stay upright so they use their tacit skills. If we could calculate a billion times faster we could probably ride a bike using the rules of physics.

Hence this kind of tacit knowledge is tacit only because of our somatic-limits. In the imitation game questions are asked of hidden persons, for example a woman and a man pretending to be a woman, and the judge tries to distinguish between them.

The protocol of both Turing Test and imitation game are much more complicated than they look at first sight as explained in Chapters 13 and 14 of Artificial Experts.