Specific topics identified as priorities using model simulation are the study of 1 the behaviour of microorganisms within a biofilm, 2 the elucidation of attachment and detachment mechanisms of the biofilms, 3 the determination of the mechanical properties of EPS, 4 ecological interaction s among different microorganisms within the habitat and 5 the impact of environmental parameters on biofilm growth and development Noguera et al.
The combination of mathematical models and adequate sensitivity analyses qualitative and quantitative will provide insights into the degree of accuracy needed in the experimental evaluation of parameters. For example, the behaviour of biofilms growing under conditions of low nutrient concentrations, high shear stress, rough surface and low temperature might be significantly different from those growing under conditions of high nutrient concentrations, low shear, smooth surface and high temperature.
Parameters, such as nutrients, temperature, surface material and hydrodynamics, have been well studied in terms of their impact on microbial biofilm formation.
However, to date, research has largely focused on examining the structural behaviour of the biofilm with respect to changes in growth conditions.
Little is known on how the biofilms respond to these parameters in terms of biomass and thickness. Investigations of biofilm behaviour may not provide in-depth information on how the biofilms respond to changes in growth conditions with respect to various parameters.
If a model is proposed or is intended to be implemented in an industry to study the impact of parameters on biofilms and if the results found are based only on the visualization of the response of structures EPS of the biofilms to such parameters, then the results may be insufficient and unreliable.
Further studies in terms of quantitative analysis need to be conducted to investigate the correlation between biofilm biomass, structure and thickness. In addition, it is advisable to quantify the EPS structures to determine the dominant components proteins, carbohydrates, lipids. The findings of these studies only focused on the behavioural change of the biofilms in terms of structures responsive to change in nutritional concentrations; the thickness of the EPS structures and biofilm biomass was not quantified.
Therefore, these results may not be sufficient due to the fact that information on biofilm biomass and thickness was not provided. Correlation studies on the behaviour of biofilm biomass and structure with regards to quantitative and qualitative studies are strongly advised. The removal of microbial biofilms may be difficult. Removal strategies such as use of antimicrobials do not seem to be effective in the control and removal of biofilms, possibly due to multiprocesses during biofilm formation, including the various parameters discussed.
Villa et al. Many researchers have focused on qualitative analysis to conduct research on bacterial biofilms; however, this analysis does not reveal in-depth information on the relationship between biofilm structure, biomass and thickness.
Hence, parallel research on quantitative and qualitative analysis would significantly improve the results. In conclusion, the need to evaluate parameter sensitivity to the growth and development of bacterial biofilms is an essential component of modelling research. The current use of biofilm models as research tools has broader objectives, most of which relate to gaining a better understanding of biofilm structure and behaviour, population dynamics, structural heterogeneities and the environmental habitat in which a specific biofilm grows.
The design of the experiment DoE through research model simulation may be of paramount importance as a proper design would facilitate the study of specific and identified topics of biofilm processes. Allison DG The biofilm matrix. Biofoul — Humana Press, Totowa, pp 1— Chapter Google Scholar. Biores Technol — Curr Sci — Google Scholar. ASM News — J Appl Microbiol — PubMed Article Google Scholar.
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These mechanisms are commonly found in planktonic cells and many microbes have devised crafty means to utilize the same mechanism s specific to biofilm cells.
During an acute infection, the organisms are present in the host for a relatively short period of time and are cleared by the host immune system with or without antimicrobial drug treatment. In contrast, chronic infections may persist for prolonged periods of time, occasionally for months or even years. Thus, the chronically infected body sites of the host provide a near perfect ecological niche for protracted interaction of the infective microbes for establishing mutualistic or synergistic interactions resulting in biofilm formation and possible gene transfer.
For instance, microbial biofilm is known to play a critical role in prolonging the chronicity of diabetic chronic wounds. Numerous gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are known to be inhabitants of chronic wound beds and frequently produce mixed microbial infections due to mixed microbial biofilm.
Microbial biofilm is also a well-known modulator of the host immune response towards invading pathogens. Normally, the inflammatory response mounted by the host is directed against infectious microorganisms and is intended to protect the host cells and destroy the invading pathogen s. In contrast, there are several clinical situations involving chronic infections where the proinflammatory immune response against the pathogen s is more harmful than helpful to the host cells. In most cases, the presence of microbial biofilm is the underlying cause for the misdirected attack.
Microbial biofilms are notorious for expediating contamination of medical devices. During an antibiotic treatment, the persisters survive, and once the treatment ceases, they can repopulate.
The only solution is thereby to remove the implant [1, 5]. Another problem is that the biofilm-residing cells often slough off and repopulate another place in the body []. Therefore, biofilms are often studied in research to overcome or avoid the consequences of the formation on medical devices and implants [1]. Due to the significant human health implications of biofilms, research concerned with biofilm formation, prevention, and treatment can potentially enhance medical and dental practices.
Biofilm has been found to be part of many chronic infections and may contribute to the development of cancer. Therefore, knowledge on how biofilm may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease is important for the development of effective treatments for biofilm associated infections [6].
The field of research mostly investigates the formation of biofilms on implants and solid support matrices, or scaffolds, to obtain knowledge on the communication between the biofilm cells. Namely, in the hope of finding a solution to the antibiotic resistances or to gain a better understanding of the complex community []. To reach an understanding of biofilm formation mechanisms, the P3D scaffold can be used to investigate microbe attachment and how biofilm-residing cells interact with 1 each other, 2 synthetic bone implants, and 3 bone cells.
Moreover, the lifelike 3D environment can be used to test the effect of antimicrobial treatments. Jun 18, BLOG. Throughout the years, scientists from all over the world have printed everything; from small food items to large scale houses, and in the medical What is an organoid? Organoids cover a wide range of three-dimensional multicellular in vitro human tissue constructs that are used to mimic its corresponding in vivo organ in research [1]. The word 'organoid' is relatively new and most commonly describes constructs Tumoroids yield good research models for cancer research and screening of anticancer therapies In the study of cancer, tumoroids tumor-like organoids represent a promising tool for cost-effective research and screening of anticancer therapies.
What are Oct 20, BLOG. Bone cancer In , cancer was the second most common cause of death worldwide, while bone cancer was a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the following, we provide an informative overview of bone cancer, its types, causes, and effects.
The latest advancements and sophisticated approaches have enabled the scientific investigators and researchers to extensively examine the highly human microbiome and provided an insight on the microbial interactions as well as the microbial and host interactions with relevance to clinical and ecological significance. An example of the diverse human microbiome is the oral biofilms and several studies have shown the existence of over species of biofilm producing pathogen over a wide variety of niche which includes soft tissues and the surface of the teeth.
Research studies have signified the role of oral biofilms and its association with various acute and chronic diseases. The presence of extracellular enzymes serves the purpose of external digestion enabling the established biofilms to metabolize dissolved, colloidal and solid biopolymers. In fact, many scientific investigators and research scientists have regarded these biofilms as the most successful forms of life on earth.
In fact, various demonstrative studies have enabled the implementation of suitable approaches to design strategies to prevent the microbial biofilms. Knowledge on the quantitative studies of biofilms in response to alteration in the components is limited but the employment of suitable model simulation to some extent provides the insight of the behavioral aspects of the microbial biofilms.
Aspects like biomass structure, thickness and morphology includes the qualitative features of the microbial biofilms. Therefore, the importance of qualitative and quantitative studies in understanding the microbial biofilms cannot be denied. Studies have confirmed that the slow growth of the microbial biofilms has indeed resulted in the ability of the pathogen to escape the activity of the antibiotics due to the matter of fact that antibiotics are effective against actively growing cells.
Growth and development of microbial biofilms are associated with mutations and quorum sensing mechanism. In fact, significance of quorum sensing in the coordination of bacterial biofilms has been confirmed by various demonstrative studies. Indeed, the growth of industries has in turn resulted in serious consequences that has led to the contamination of water and has become the main source of eutrophication which can lead to consequences like depletion of the oxygen in the aquatic bodies.
Therefore microbial communities are known to overcome such complicated situations and their significance in decontaminating the polluted sites has been validated by scientific investigations. Bioremediation indeed is a pioneering technique employed to prevail over harmful consequences of contaminated water and sites. The importance of microbial biofilms in the process of bioremediation cannot be contradicted.
Despite the fact, of their harmful impact towards the society and mankind, their usefulness towards the human society and contribution towards natural ecosystem cannot be denied. The industrial importance of microbial Biofilms cannot be contradicted and the employment of microbial biofilms in sewage purification process is an example that validated the industrial significance of biofilms.
The treatment of sewage water involves a phase where the contaminated water is allowed to flow over the filters consisting of layer of biofilms which substantiates the productive purpose of bioflms. When the contaminated water flows over the filters comprising of microbial biofilms, the microbial biofilms extract the nutrients from the flowing water and they play a vital role in the removal of the organic matter from the contaminated water.
The major factor that influences the treatment of water through biofilms is the surface area. In addition to industrial importance, demonstrative studies have confirmed the chemical applications of microbial biofilms where the microorganism is capable of degrading the xenobiotics compounds otherwise referred to recalcitrant compounds.
Such consequences can be avoided by the action of microorganisms as they are capable of breaking down such chemical compounds in to simpler substances and they are known to breakdown the organic matter and debris in the aquatic system without depleting the natural oxygen. In this way it in turn maintains the ecological balance. Biofilms are regarded as microbial cells enclosed within a extra polymeric matrix which acts as a protective covering and protects the embedded microbial cells from various external factors and the increase in the resistance among bacterial biofilms to commonly employed antimicrobial agents cannot be denied and has indeed challenged the scientific community.
Different components of the microbial biofilms contribute to the character of antimicrobial resistance and the formation of biofilms on the indwelling catheters among patients has demonstrated the extent of competence and resistance against the antimicrobial agents.
Research studies have also shown the existence of inconsistencies between outcomes of the in vitro analysis and the in vivo studies as a consequence of lack of knowledge on the mechanism of biofilms behavior under different environmental conditions. However, attempts are being made to develop innovative strategies to overcome the detrimental effects of biofilms and there is a need for further research to be carried out in order to design an appropriate therapy to eradicate the microbial biofilms.
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Journal of. Review Article Volume 1 Issue 3. What are biofilms composed of? Figure 2 Various stages of biofilm formation and development. Figure 3 Diagrammatic representation of mature biofilm displaying the various attractive forces and bonds. Figure 4 The following figure depicts the initiation of the quorum sensing mechanism with respect to the cell density.
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